DIRECT AND INDIRECT

DIRECT AND INDIRECT

Percakapan langsung (direct speech) adalah bentuk kalimat langsung. Kalimat ini biasa disebut juga quoted speech
Percakapan langsung dilakukan dengan menggunakan perkataan seseorang sesuai dengan yang ia ucapkan.
Kita gunakan tanda petik untuk mengatakan kalimat yang kita kutip, contoh :
a) “Let`s celebrate,” she said,”our victory.”
b) “May I join your?” he asked
c) “I haven`t played that game.”
d) “I was taking a bath”
e) “We had taken the wrong turn.”

Percakapan tidak langsung (indirect speech) biasa disebut juga reported speech. Dalam menyatakan perkataan orang lain biasanya kita tidak menggunakan kalimat yang diucapkannya (direct speech), tetapi menggunakan percakapan tidak langsung.
Ada beberapa hal yang harus dirubah pada saat mengubah percakapan langsung menjadi percakapan tidak langsung :
1) Promina (I, you, she, he, we, they) dan kepemilikan (my self, your self, herself, themself)
• Martin asked, “Would you watch a movie with me?”
• Martin asked if I wanted to watch a movie with him
2) Bentuk waktu (tenses) percakapan langsung biasanya terjadi lebih lampau dibandingkan saat kita menceritakannya kembali kepada orang lain.
Contoh indirect speech :
a) She said she hadn`t plated the game
b) I was sure we would survive
c) I told her that she could choose


^^ Indirect Question^^
Direct speech.” When will you sleep/”
He asked me when I would sleep.

Direct &indirect speech terdiri dari 3 jenis :
1) Statement (pernyataan)
2) Command (perintah)
3) Question (pertanyaan)


1) Statement
Dalam indirect statement. Kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introductory phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah
He said
He said to me that=reported words
He told me
Example :
a) Mary told herfriend ;(I have been to bali twice)
b) Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice
a) Father said : (I am going out of town tomorrow)
b) Father said that he was going out of town the following day
a) Mary told John : (my father warned me last night)
b) Mary told John that her father had warned her the night before
a) My sister said to me : (I don`t like tennis)
b) My sister said to me that she didn`t like tennis
a) Tom said: (I didn`t go to school this morning)
b) Tom said that he hadn`t gone to school that morning
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk simple present tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.
Example :
a) John say`s : {I will go to bandung tomorrow}
b) John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow
a) Mary say`s ; {i have seen that film}
b) Mary say`s that she has seen that film
a) My brother say`s : {I met Tom at the party last night}
b) My brother say`s that he met Tom at the party last night
a) Tom say`s : {I don`t like english}
b) Tom say`s that he doesn`t like english
2) Command (perintah)
 Command dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1) Positive command
2) Negative command
• 1) Positive command
Dalam perintah positive kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya. Sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
He asked me
He told me
^ To + infinitive
E.g :
a) He asked me ( open your book)
b) He asked me to open my book
a) Mary told me : (stop talking to jane)
b) Mary told me to stop talking to jane
a) Mather asked John ; ( Pay attention to what I say0
b) mather asked to John to pay attention to what she says
a) John told mary ; ( Wait untill I come)
b) John told Mary to wait untill he come
a) The teacher said to the student : (Be quiet while I am talking)
b) The teacher told the student to be quiet while he is talking

• 2) Negative Command
Dalam perintah negative kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan
E.g :
Mary told John : (Don`t wait for me)
Mary told John not to wait for her
a) I told him ; (Don`t mention it to anyone)
b) I told him not to mention it to anyone
a) Father asked her ; (Don`t go there alone0
b) Father told her not to go there alone
a) Ira asked Tom : (Don`t come to my house again)
b) Ira asked Tom not to come to her house again
a) Mather asked John ; (Don`t smoke to much)
b) Mather asked John not to smoke to much

3) Question (pertanyaan)
Ask, Not say or tell, is used to report yes/no questions.

Yes/no Question Noun Clause
Sam said to me, “Are you hungry?” Sam asked me if I was hungry.
Sam said to jane, “Are you hungry?” Sam asked Jane if she was hungry

Incorect : Sam asked me that I was hungry
If, not that, is used after ask to intruduce a noun clause
- Sam asked me if I was hungry.
Sam asked me whether I was hungry
Whether has the same meaning as if. (see chart 14-4 for the use of or not)
- Sam asked if I was hungry
The (pro) noun object (e.g.,me) may be omitted after ask
- Sam wanted to know if I was hungry
- Sam wondered if I was hungry
- Sam inquired whether or not I was hungry
In addition to ask, yes/no questions can be reported by using want to know, wonder,and inquire.




^^ REFRENSI BUKU^^
1) Buku Cerdas Tata Bahasa Inggris, Redaksi Bukune, Bukune
2) Practical Complete English Grammar, M.J Lado, Titik Terang
3) Guidance To English Sentences, Ayu rini, Papas Sinar Sinanti
4) ABC Plus English Grammar, Drs. Rudy Haryono – Andrew MC. Car THY, Gita Media Press
5) Complete English Grammar and The Exercises, Dra. GraceWidjaja, PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer
6) Fundamental Of English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azhar, Binarupa Aksara
7) Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, Marcella Frank, Englewood Cliffs

COMMAND AND REQUEST

COMMAND AND REQUEST

Command and request biasa disebut sebagai kalimat perintah (command) dan permintaan (request). Ciri – ciri dan contoh command and request:
Kalimat command biasanya diiringi dengan kata-kata suruhan diantaranya :
"Kata-kata" suruhan ditambah dengan "lah" dan diakhiri dengan tanda seru(!)
seperti : "Duduklah!" atau "Pergilah!".
Didalam bahasa Inggris, kata "lah" itu tidak ada. Jadi jika hendak menyuruh seseorang berbuat sesuatu, hanya verb saja yang diletakkan di depan kalimat maka dengan sendirinya sudah bertambah arti "lah" dalam kalimat tersebut.
1. Come here! ( Artinya marilah ke sini! )
2. Try to speak English! ( Artinya cobalah berbicara bahasa Inggris! )
3. Study diligently! (Artinya belajarlah dengan rajin! )
Apabila kalimat bukan kata kerja (verb), maka memakai "be" di depan kalimat karena be adalah verb. Tapi be ini tidak ada artinya/terjemahannya.
1) Be good to her!( Artinya baik-baiklah kepadanya! )
2) Be diligent!( Artinya Rajin-rajinlah! )
3) Be careful! ( Artinya hati-hatilah! )

Contoh command and request :
1) have a sit/sit down please
2) please give me a reason
3) get out of my sight
4) don’t be stupid
* Prohibition *
Do not boleh dipendekkan menjadi "don't" yang artinya "jangan" kalau dileatkkan di depan kalimat.
Contoh :
1) Do not come here! Artinya jangan datang kemari!
2) Don't look at it! Artinya jangan lihat itu!
3) Don't forget your lesson! Artinya jangan lupakan pelajaranmu itu!
4) Do not go there! Artinya jangan pergi ke sana

^^ REFRENSI BUKU^^
1) Buku Cerdas Tata Bahasa Inggris, Redaksi Bukune, Bukune
2) Practical Complete English Grammar, M.J Lado, Titik Terang
3) Guidance To English Sentences, Ayu rini, Papas Sinar Sinanti
4) ABC Plus English Grammar, Drs. Rudy Haryono – Andrew MC. Car THY, Gita Media Press
5) Complete English Grammar and The Exercises, Dra. GraceWidjaja, PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer
6) Fundamental Of English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azhar, Binarupa Aksara
7) Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, Marcella Frank, Englewood Cliffs